Chicago formatting guidelines excelsior college owl. Punctuation in relation to closing quotation marks. A block quotation begins on its own line, is not enclosed in quotation marks, and has its intext citation after the final punctuation. As for enclosing titles in quotation marks or italicizing them, you can get pretty far by following the bigheavy equals italics like books and smalllight equals quotes like poems generalizations, but associated press style doesnt italicize nothin and chicago style has layers of specificity and ifthen statements. When to use single quotation marks erin wright writing. In the book world, the chicago manual of style is the primary style guide first published in 1906. Enclose the quoted material in double quotation marks. This book contains over pages and instructs how to handle everything from what to italicize to how to properly use punctuation. Block quotations are single spaced and use no quotation marks, but leave an extra space before and after. Quotation marks, also known as quotes, quote marks, speech marks, inverted commas, or talking marks, are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to set off direct speech, a quotation, or a phrase. Periods and commas precede closing quotation marks, whether double or single. Quotation marks have a variety of forms in different. A signal phrase often names the author of the source and provides context.
Ap is choosy about punctuation, too the friendly stickler. Mar 16, 2021 titles in the text as well as in notes and bibliographies are treated with quotation marks or italics based on the type of work they name. If a quote is less than five lines, incorporate it into a sentence. However, use double quotation marks for quotations within block quotations, which are longer, standalone quotes that are normally indented from the surrounding text. Period goes inside quotation marks daily writing tips. For nonspecialist texts, chicago recommends double quotation marks for everything except quotations within quotations. Quotations and dialogue chapter contents quotation marks. In british usage, single quotation marks are more widely used.
Single quotation marks may come first, with double marks used for. Quoting and paraphrasing the chicago manual of style. The manual clearly places an emphasis on the use of white space to create a pleasing document by noting spacing rules that differ from current norms such as the use of two spaces before opening a parenthesis, after closing quotation marks, and after opening single quotation marks inside of sentences. Aug 11, 2020 heres what the chicago manual of style states in rule 7. As the chicago manual says, the practice in the united kingdom and elsewhere is often the reverse of that found in american usage. Place the superscript number at the end of the sentence or quotation. Block quotations, table titles, and figure captions are single spaced. A prose quotation of 5 or more lines should be blocked. The chicago manual of style online is the venerable, timetested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. Single quotation marks may be changed to double, and double to single, to accommodate.
Title page block quotations table titles and figure captions. This section contains information on the chicago manual of style cmos method of document formatting and citation. Feb 10, 2021 please refer to the chicago manual of style for further information on quotation style. The associated press stylebook ap style recommends using single quotation marks for quotations in news headlines. Jun 04, 2015 single space a block quotation place end punctuation at the end of the quotation, before the intext citation or superscript. Perhaps more helpful is the oxford guide to style which says, use quotation marks to enclose an unfamiliar word or phrase, or one to be used in a technical sense. If the word appears frequently throughout your document, the chicago manual of style chicago style recommends only using the italics the first time the word appears. Direct quotes incorporate text less than 100 words into your text place the quote in quotation marks include page reference in parenthesis after.
Mar 25, 2020 entire document should be single sided. Nov 15, 2019 use a thin space between a single quotation mark and a double quotation mark. Quoting and paraphrasing the chicago manual of style guide. In chicago style, a block quote is a separate paragraph, with all lines indented and single spaced. A period precedes closing quotation marks, whether double or single. These resources follow the chicago manual of style 17th edition, which was issued in 2017. Chicago prefers italics in usage like this, but acknowledges that, in some electronic environments, quotation marks may be more portable or otherwise practical than italics. Periods and commas in relation to closing quotation marks at the chicago manual of style online. The 2016 ap stylebook dedicates 11 dense pages to explaining its intricaciesand the chicago manual of styles. Block quotations are not double spaced, unlike the rest of your chicago style. In copyediting, judith butcher points out that some writers have their own system of quotation marks, e.
In linguistics and phonetic studies a definition is often enclosed in single quotation marks with no intervening punctuation. For additional assistance, contact the academic center for excellence by calling the locust grove center at 540 4239148, the fredericksburg center at 540 8917, or the. Jun 11, 2014 keep in mind that so far weve been discussing american style punctuation. Italics with foreign words chicago style use italics for foreign words if you are writing a business document or general nonfiction. Do not enclose the direct quote in quotation marks. Put a period at the end of the quotation, and then add the note. Do not enclose blocked quotation in quotation marks, but keep any quotation marks that appear in the original text. Correct quotation mark usage writing academy scribophile. Chicago specifically states that there should be no space between the final ellipsis and the quotation mark. Themes are not specifically mentioned by the style guides, however, the chicago manual of style s rule 8. The chicago manual of style is a compilation of formatting, referencing, and citing rules applied to works written in american english mostly and published in historical or social sciences journals.
Use standard chicago manual style citation guidelines. The titles of most poems should be enclosed in double quotation marks, but the titles of very long poems should be italicized. When single quotation marks nested within double quotation marks appear next to each other, the period precedes the single quotation mark. If you use the american style and put double quotation marks around speech, use the single variety for speech within speech. This is a traditional style, in use well before the first edition of this manual 1906 section 6.
The buried treasure was marked on the map with a large x. Single quotation marks enclose quotations within quotations. These marks are available in most word processors, though many people simply use single and double quotation marks. For the traditional style, chicago says periods and commas precede closing quotation marks, whether double or single p. It can be hard to see a single quotation mark thats followed by a double quotation mark when they fall right next to each other like they did in the last example, so typesetters sometimes insert something called a thin space between the two quotation marks. Dec 09, 2020 also, if you find yourself typing a single quote mark next to a double quote mark, the chicago manual of style recommends adding a space between them to improve readability.
Double quotation marks arent australian government style. Is there a prescribed amount of space that goes between the single and double quotes in these cases. According to the chicago manual of style, commas and periods are almost always placed before a closing quotation mark, like this, rather. Punctuate the quoted material with a period before the parenthetical citation with no ending punctuation after the parentheses. Double space all text except the following, which should be single spaced. Heres what the chicago manual of style states in rule 7. Since the chicago manual of style cmos is primarily intended as a style guide for published works rather than class papers, these guidelines will be supplemented with information from, kate l. The manual was created by the university of chicago press and the first version was released in 1906.
Mar 10, 2017 the 2016 ap stylebook dedicates 11 dense pages to explaining its intricaciesand the chicago manual of style s punctuation chapter yes, chapter stretches across more than 40 pages. Paraphrasing rephrasing anothers ideas into you own words is known as paraphrasing. How to use quotation marks and the difference between single. Jul 31, 2011 the ap stylebook calls for double quotation marks. For newspapers and periodicals, the associated press style guide holds sway. The most important rule when using these little punctuation marks is that the style of the opening and closing quotation marks match. Kim and kohs investigation into the relationship between smartphone obsession and self esteem. Double or single quote marks for quotes inside block.
Consult the chicago manual of style to format interviews appearing in other print and nonprint mediums. Block quotations, table titles, and figure captions should be single spaced. Visuals are classified by the chicago manual of style as tables and illustrations, such as. Commas and periods with quotation marks cmos shop talk. Double space text, with one space after punctuation between sentences. Youll rarely need more than two levels of quotation marks, but if you do, just keep swapping them back and forth. The chicago manual of style does too, when italics cant be used. Such scare quotes imply this is not my term or this is not how the term is usually applied. Text should be consistently double spaced, with the following exceptions.
Do not let visuals create a cluttered feel to your paper. Its a good idea to quote a source directly if your argument depends on the exact wording of what youre quoting. The british tend to use double quotation marks only for quotations within quotations. In keeping with the chicago manual of style, punctuation should be included before double quotation marks. Quotations chicago manual february 23, 2017 ready to rally. Single typographic quotes neutral double quotes neutral single quotes in english writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Jan 16, 2012 the chicago manual of style, sixteenth edition 6. The basic rule is to alternate your usage of single and double quotation marks, one inside the other. Chicago manual style cms paper checklist for college writers. Formatting the paper ready, set, cite chicago research. Oct 20, 2020 until 1905, oxford university press and the university of chicago press handled quotation marks in mostly the same way, with one significant difference. In the second example above, the question mark appears between the final single quotation mark and double quotation marks because max asked the question, not sam. The only exception is when that last little item enclosed in quotation marks is just a letter or a number, in which case the period or comma will go outside the closing quotation marks.
Direct quotation involves using the exact words written in the source youre citing. How to use quotation marks and the difference between. According to the chicago manual of style, 16th edition. Single quotation marks are also known as quote marks, quotes, speech marks or inverted commas. As for enclosing titles in quotation marks or italicizing them, you can get pretty far by following the bigheavy equals italics like books and smalllight equals quotes like poems generalizations, but associated press style doesnt italicize nothin and chicago style has layers of. The most important rule when using these little punctuation marks is that the style of the opening and closing quotation marks. In american english, the outside quotation marks are double quotation marks, and the inner quotation marks are single. What is the difference between single quotation marks and double quotation. The author wrote that the sentence comes to an end like this. To do this, you should place the quoted text inside double quotation marks i. Quotation marks are often used to alert readers that a term is used in a nonstandard or slang, ironic, or other special sense.
A prose quotation of five or more lines should be blocked. Quotation marks and apostrophe quoted words, phrases, and sentences run into the text are enclosed in double quotation marks. Someone like you is my favorite song from adeles 21 album, said catherine. Quotations and signal phrases chicago style guide 17th. Keeping double quote marks and single quote marks in their proper places is one more way writers can be sure their work is as polished and professional as it can be. Single and double quotes in text and dialogue book cave. Permissible changes to quotations cmos shop talk cmos shop talk from. An apostrophe at the end of a word should never be confused with a closing single quotation mark. In british english, you would reverse the order of the quotation marks. Turabians manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations 8th ed. Periods and commas are placed outside the prime and double prime marks. Oxford used single quotation marks, reserving double quotation marks for quotes within quotes. Ap style doesnt specify, but it looks wrong with a space, so i think it would be safer to leave out the space between the final ellipsis and the quotation mark. An extra line space should immediately precede and follow a blocked quotation.
The chicago manual of style refers to a key term, which should be italicized on its first occurrence only. Single quotation marks versus double quotation marks. An independent clause quoted in the form of dialogue or from text and introduced with said, replied, asked, wrote, and the like is usually introduced with a comma. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the same character. Sample paper, chicago authordate style sample paper, and chicago style citation guide. This is a traditional style, in use well before the first edition of this manual 1906. Until 1905, oxford university press and the university of chicago press handled quotation marks in mostly the same way, with one significant difference. Single quotation marks versus double quotation marks at grammar girl. Block quotations are not double spaced, unlike the rest of your chicago style paper. Interview subjectfirst name first, interview title,in quotation marks, interviewed byfirst name first, publication title in italics, month and year of publication.
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